Zimbabwean Girl Uses Martial Arts to Warn Against Child Marriage

HARARE, LELEMUKU.COM - In Zimbabwe, some girls are forced to marry as young as the age of 10 because of poverty or for traditional or religious reasons.

One Zimbabwean teenager is using the sport of taekwondo to give girls from a poor community a fighting chance to have a better life.Natsiraishe Maritsa has been a fan of taekwondo since she was very young. Taekwondo is a Korean martial art.

Today, the 17-year-old holds taekwondo lessons outside her parents’ home in the poor settlement of Epworth. The area is about 15 kilometers south of the capital, Harare.

“Not many people do taekwondo here, so it’s fascinating for the girls, both married and single,” Maritsa said. “I use it to get their attention.” Children as young as four follow her instructions to stretch, kick, strike and punch. After class, the group talks about the risks of child marriage.

Newly married girls led one recent discussion. One by one, they describe extreme abuse they have experienced in their marriages. They describe being raped and being hungry.

“We are not ready for this thing called marriage. We are just too young for it,” Maritsa told The Associated Press. She described her small group as “a safe space” for the girls to share ideas.

“I use their voices, their challenges, to discourage those young girls not yet married to stay off early sexual activity and marriage,” Maritsa said.

Zimbabwe law says boys and girls cannot legally marry until they reach the age of 18. That law was passed in 2016. Child marriage, however, is widespread in the southern African nation.

For some poor families, the reason is an economic one. Marrying off a young daughter means fewer costs. The rights group Girls Not Bridessays the bride price paid by husbands of these girls is “used by families as a means of survival.”

An estimated 30 percent of girls in Zimbabwe are married before they reach 18,the United Nations Children’s Fund says.Rising poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased pressures on families around the world to marry off their young daughters.

Maritsa’s group is called Vulnerable Underaged People’s Auditorium. She started the project in 2018 after seeing her friends leave school for marriage. She hopes to increase the confidence of both married and unmarried girls through the martial arts lessons and discussions.

She accepts 15 students in each lesson, she said. “The only support I get is from my parents.” After class, her parents usually provide fresh juice and sweets.

Zimbabwe recently announced a ban on public gatherings. The measure is meant to slow the spread of the coronavirus. The ban has forced Maritsa to suspend her lessons, but she hopes to restart as soon as the country’s lockdown is lifted.

Maritsa said, “From being hopeless, the young mothers feel empowered...being able to use their stories to dissuade other girls from falling into the same trap.” (VOA)

Pope Francis to Meet Student Priests in Panama

PANAMA, LELEMUKU.COM - Pope Francis celebrates Mass Saturday in the centuries-old colonial Cathedral Basilica of Santa Maria la Antigua, Panama’s patron saint, as part of World Youth Day festivities.

On the fourth day of his visit to Panama, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church is also to meet with student priests at the seminary of San Jose. He is expected to talk with the young men about the dwindling number of men entering the priesthood and the reasons for the declining numbers.

Francis has admitted elsewhere that the sex scandals and cover-ups have contributed to fewer men seeking religious vocations.

Later Saturday, Francis and the Archbishop of Panama, Cardinal Jose Domingo Ulloa, are hosting a lunch for 10 young people attending the WYD celebrations.

On Friday, the pope went to a youth detention center, enabling the inmates to participate in WYD. Francis also heard the confessions of the five of the detainees.

In an emotional homily at the center, Francis said he deplored society’s tendency to label people as good or bad, the righteous or sinners. Instead, he said, society should focus on creating opportunities that enable people to change.

In a veiled swipe at U.S. President Donald Trump and his insistence on a wall between the U.S. and Mexico, the Argentinean-born pope said of the tendency to label: “This attitude spoils everything, because it erects an invisible wall that makes people think that, if we marginalize, separate and isolate others, all our problems will magically be solved.” Francis added, “When a society or community allows this, and does nothing more than complain and backbite, it enters into a vicious circle of division, blame and condemnation.” (VOA)

Safari Club Event Vendors Sold Products Made From Threatened Wildlife

WASHINGTON, LELEMUKU.COM - Photos and video taken by animal welfare activists at a recent trophy hunting convention show an array of products crafted from the body parts of threatened big-game animals, including boots, chaps, belts and furniture labeled as elephant leather.

Vendors at the Safari Club International event last week in Reno, Nevada, also were recorded hawking African vacations to shoot captive-bred lions raised in pens. The club has previously said it wouldn’t allow the sale of so-called canned hunts at its events.

The hidden camera footage was released Friday by the Humane Society of the United States. Both federal and state laws restrict the commercial sale of hides from African elephants, which are protected under the Endangered Species Act.

Safari Club spokeswoman Rachel Harris did not respond Friday to a phone message seeking comment. The group also didn’t respond to emailed questions about what steps it takes to ensure exhibitors at its events are following the law.

The club denied a request earlier this month from The Associated Press for a media credential to attend its annual conference, billed as the nation’s premier big-game hunting show.

‘Hunters’ heaven’

“This hunters’ heaven has everything the mind can dream of and occupies more than 650,000 square feet of exhibit space,” the group’s web site boasts. “Six continents are under one roof where SCI members come to book hunts, rendezvous with old friends and shop for the latest guns and hunting equipment.”

Humane Society investigators purchased tickets to the conference and prowled the exhibit booths with concealed cameras. They recorded racks of clothing and other products made from the hides, bones and teeth of imperiled African wildlife.

“Making money off the opportunity to kill these animals for bragging rights is something that most people around the world find appalling,” said Kitty Block, acting president and CEO of the Humane Society of the United States. “It’s an elitist hobby of the 1 percent, and there is no place for trophy hunting in today’s world.”

The wares included oil paintings of big-game animals painted on stretched elephant skins, bracelets woven from elephant hair and an elephant leather bench. There was also a coffee table made from the skull of a hippopotamus and boxes filled with hippo teeth.

Under a state law, it is illegal in Nevada to purchase, sell or possess with intent to sell any item that contains the body parts of elephant, lion, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, hippopotamus and other imperiled wildlife.

The Humane Society has provided its undercover video and photos to state wildlife officials in Nevada.

Trump reversed restrictions

Though President Donald Trump has decried big-game hunting as a “horror show,” his administration reversed Obama-era restrictions on the importation of elephant and lion trophies for personal use or display. But federal law still prohibits the sale or use of the body parts from such international protected species for commercial purposes.

The Safari Club has actively lobbied the Trump administration to loosen restrictions on the importation of wildlife trophies, arguing that the fees paid to African countries by American hunters help to fund anti-poaching and conservation programs. A licensed two-week African hunting safari can cost more than $50,000 per person, not including airfare, according to advertised rates.

The AP reported last year that a federal advisory board created by then-Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke to advise his agency on the issue was stuffed with big game hunters. At least seven of the 16 members of the International Wildlife Conservation Council are Safari Club members, including the group’s president.

In a February 2018 media release, the Safari Club said it would no longer support the practice of breeding lions in captivity so they can be shot for trophies, saying the practice “has doubtful value to the conservation of lions in the wild.” The club also pledged not to accept advertising from the operators of such canned hunts or allow such trips to be sold at its annual convention.

In the video released by the Humane Society of Friday, multiple vendors at the Safari Club conference were recording salesmen pitching hunts of captive-bred lions in South Africa, describing how the lions would be “placed” where they could be easily shot. Vendors also described hunts where lions were baited using the meat from giraffes or other animals, with one guide bragging that a customer had shot a lion in less than 90 minutes. (VOA)

Indigenous Peoples Stage Solidarity March on Washington

WASHINGTON, LELEMUKU.COM - “U.S. political leaders and the media have ignored us long enough.”

That’s the message thousands of international indigenous activists will be bringing to Washington Friday for the first ever Indigenous Peoples March. They are seeking to bring national attention to injustices endured by Indigenous people across the globe.

The event, coming a day before the third annual Women’s March, is organized by the Indigenous Peoples Movement (IPM), an international grassroots collective seeking to unify tribes and indigenous peoples from North, South and Central America, the Pacific, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean.

“Our main goal is to send a message that we are still here, we are organized, and we are growing,” said IPM media coordinator Darren Thompson, an Ojibwe and member of the Lac du Flambeau tribe in Wisconsin. “We are looking not only to empower each other but share important information with the American public about the legacy of colonization.”

As many as 80 speakers and indigenous performers will participate in the event, which is hash tagged #IPMDC19 on social media. They include Rep. Deb Haaland (D-N.M.), a member of the Laguna Pueblo and one of the first two Native American women elected to the U.S. Congress, and Ruth Buffalo, recently elected first Native American Democrat to the North Dakota Legislature.

Also speaking will be Ashley Callingbull, a Cree First Nations woman from the Enoch Cree Nation in the province of Alberta, Canada, and a former Miss Universe who works to empower indigenous youth through relating stories of her own experiences with physical and sexual abuse.

They will address a wide range of issues and injustices impacting indigenous communities, including the environment, voter suppression, police brutality and a global epidemic of missing and murdered indigenous women (MMIW).

Historic marginalization and racism, the legacies of colonization, have left indigenous women particularly vulnerable to violence. Statistics are hard to come by, owing to spotty reporting by victims and police. The U.S. Justice Department (DOJ) reports that 84 percent of Native American and Alaska Native (NA/AN) women have experienced violence in their lives, and more than half of them are survivors of sexual violence. Ninety-six percent of victims of rape or sexual assault are attacked by non-native assailants, and NA/AN women in the United States are murdered at a rate ten times higher than the national average.

In addition, a 2015 National Congress of American Indians study of four sites in the U.S. and Canada found that about 40 percent of women involved in sex trafficking identified as an AI/AN or First Nation from Canada.

The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz (Igorot, from the Philippines), reported in 2015 that indigenous women worldwide are vulnerable to rape, enslavement or murder, particularly during military conflicts.

IPM organizers say they are looking to advocate policies to strengthen indigenous rights and to encourage solidarity among global indigenous groups across borders imposed by European colonizers.

They expect to draw a crowd of 10,000 from as far away as Australia, Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, and the Caribbean.

“Though since we are piggybacking on the Women’s March on Saturday, that number could be much, much higher,” said Thompson. (VOA)

Biggest Great White Shark on Record Thrills Divers off Hawaii

WASHNGTON, LELEMUKU.COM - The biggest great white shark on record is visiting the American island state of Hawaii, divers say.

A group of divers monitoring the carcass of a sperm whale off the coast of Oahu say they have gone swimming with the massive predator, and that based on the size and the markings, the shark is known as “Deep Blue,” one of the largest great whites on record.

“She was just this big, beautiful gentle giant wanting to use our boat as a scratching post,” diver Ocean Ramsey told The Honolulu Star-Advertiser.

Deep Blue is believed to be 6 meters long and at least 50 years old. The Smithsonian says the average female great white shark measures just less than 5 meters, while males measure just less than 4 meters.

Diver Mark Mohler said in a post on Instagram that he and fellow diver Kimberley Jeffries had confirmed the identity of the shark as Deep Blue. The Instagram post shows a diver swimming alongside Deep Blue.

Ramsey told the newspaper that the shark was “shockingly wide” and could be pregnant. She said hunger and the need for added nutrients might have brought Deep Blue to Hawaii, where the waters are usually too warm for great whites.

“Big pregnant females are actually the safest ones to be with — the biggest, oldest ones — because they’ve seen it all, including us,” Ramsey said.

Ramsey studies sharks, advocates for their conservation and leads cage-free shark diving tours. Ramsey and her team observe and identify sharks, and share that data with state and federal partners.

The Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources warned people to stay away from the area where the carcass and Deep Blue have been seen.

“We don’t want anyone to get hurt if a shark swimming around the carcass mistakes them as food. Understandably, some people want to get into the water either out of fascination or to get photographs, but it is truly dangerous to be around this carcass with so much shark activity,” agency official Jason Redull said. (VOA)

Pope Urge To Forgo Greed and Gluttony of Christmas for Simple Love

VATICAN, LELEMUKU.COM - Pope Francis urged Christians on Monday to forgo the greed, gluttony and materialism of Christmas and to focus instead on its message of simplicity, charity and love.

Francis celebrated a Christmas Eve Mass in St. Peter’s Basilica, opening a busy week for the pope that includes a Christmas Day message and blessing, a Dec. 26 prayer, New Year’s Eve vespers and a Jan. 1 Mass.

During his homily Monday, Francis lamented that many people find their life’s meaning in possessions when the biblical story of Christ’s birth emphasizes that God appeared to people who were poor when it came to earthly possessions, but faithful.

“Standing before the manger, we understand that the food of life is not material riches but love, not gluttony but charity, not ostentation but simplicity,” Francis said, dressed in simple white vestments.

“An insatiable greed marks all human history, even today, when paradoxically a few dine luxuriantly while all too many go without the daily bread needed to survive,” he said.

Francis has focused on the world’s poor and downtrodden, its refugees and marginalized, during his five-year papacy. The Catholic Church’s first pope from Latin American instructed the Vatican to better care for the homeless around Rome, opening a barber shop, shower and medical clinic for them in the embracing colonnade of St. Peter’s Square.

To extend his outreach this Christmas, Francis sent his trusted secretary of state, Cardinal Pietro Parolin, to Iraq to celebrate with the country’s long-suffering Christians.

Catholics are among the religious minorities targeted for Islamic State-inspired violence that has driven tens of thousands from their homes.

Parolin met Monday in Baghdad with Iraqi Prime Minister Adel Abdul-Mahdi. He is scheduled in the coming days to travel to northern Iraq to meet with Kurdish leaders in Irbil and to celebrate Mass in Qaraqosh in the Nineveh plains, near Mosul, according to the Vatican.

The Vatican has for years expressed concern about the exodus of Christians from communities that have existed since the time of Jesus, and urged them to return when security conditions permit.

Francis is likely to refer to the plight of Christians in Iraq and Syria during his Christmas Day “Urbi et Orbi” (To the city and the world) speech. He is scheduled to deliver it Tuesday from the loggia of St. Peter’s and again at Mass on New Year’s Day, which the church marks as its world day for peace. (VOA)

Artists with Mental Disability Exhibit Murals in Jakarta National Gallery

JAKARTA - Seven artists with mental disability exhibited murals that they painted on various mediums such as tents, cafe walls and umbrellas in the National Gallery in Jakarta, Monday.

    

The exhibition was a part of the series towards the Limitless Festival, an art festival presented by disabled artists, scheduled to be held in October.

    

Mentor for Disability Arts Timotius Suwarsito said that they chose the theme 'Bhinneka Tunggal Ika' which means Unity in Diversity for this year's mural creations.

    

"They have varying communication skills, some of them are quick to comprehend what 'Bhinneka Tunggal Ika' is, while some other took some time. We then gave them examples of how Bhinneka Tunggal Ika could be visualized," he said.

    

Most of the artists responded to the theme of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika with butterflies of different colours, while some chose to do collages.

    

He further stated that the artists indeed had different approaches, from doodle art murals, naive styles and decorative.

    

The artists involved include Claire Nicole Siregar, Calliandra Alexa Roshetko, Aziza Mischa Azalia, Shan Rafael Saputra, Audrel Christabel Angesty, Anfield Wibowo, and Dwi Putri Mulyono Jati.

    

Art Brut Indonesia Community Activist Nawa Tunggal said the painters have great passion as they painted from Saturday (May 12) to Monday (May 14).

    

"They are working from morning to dawn to create their art. Their spirit is amazing," he said.

    

He further said that art could become a good medium for mental disabilities, especially to express their emotions. They could even reach a more stable condition with art. (*) 

The Jailolo Bay Festival is Ready to be Held in May

JAILOLO, LELEMUKU.COM - West Halmahera (Halbar) Regency Government, North Maluku Province is ready to hold the agenda of Jailolo Bay Festival or Festival Teluk Jailolo (FTJ) 2018 which will be held on 3-5 May 2018 in District Jailolo.

According to the Head of Tourism Office of Halbar, Fenny Kiat, this folk party is guaranteed to be festive and interesting. Because of the annual event held since 2009 and this presents a variety of local wisdom in the western region of Halmahera Island.

"The beauty of nature, the potential of the underwater, the cultural potential and the culinary of the taste buds can be an attraction in this event.A variety of interesting attractions will be featured in this festival.All tribes and our community involved to succeed this event," said Head of West Halmahera Tourism Office , Fenny Kiat as quoted from Genpi.co on Saturday (14/4).

He said the charm of Jailolo Bay, must have been familiar to that often travel to the eastern part of Indonesia. Around the beautiful bay, the festival is held, mainly in three tourist villages, namely Gamtala, Guaeria and Bobanehena. So the series of events that will be held in the Festival of Jailolo Bay 2018 include traditional children's game party, Cultural Art Exhibition of Se-Halmahera West Tribe such as Sasadu in the Sea, Moloku Kie Raha, Sigofi Ngolo, Orom Sasadu, Jailolo Kitchen Snack Market, Moloku Kie Raha and Gelar Western Halmahera Culinary.

"There are also attractions Sigofi Ngolo Ritual, Cultural Exhibition and FTJ Dance Festive Dance Performance," he said.

Fenny explained, that the ceremony Sigofi Ngolo Ritual is a ritual offerings for nature to FTJ activities run smoothly. In addition, the main attraction at the top of this Jailolo Bay Festival is the appearance of Sasadu on the Sea. The show features International Performance from Cry Jailolo and Balabala. Besides also featuring a national band, Slank is guaranteed to add to the festive FTJ 2018.

"In closing the FTJ 2018 series provided Fun Trip to Loloda to see the hidden natural beauty of Sosota Island, Kahatola Waterfall, Ngaramabeno and Mariporoco Cliffs and in the afternoon until the evening served BBQ in Pastofiri Island," he said.

He stated for those who want to attend the Jailolo Bay Festival, there is no difficult word to get to the location of the event. There are flights to Sultan Baabulah Airport in Ternate, as well as sea transport services to Ternate. From Ternate to Jailolo, we can ride fast boat or wooden ship. Problem accommodation during the Jailolo, not to worry. There are a number of one star hotels and homestays in around Jailolo Bay. The cost per night is relatively inexpensive.

"Let's go to West Halmahera and experience the thrill of a decade of celebration of the 2018 Jailolo Bay Festival," said Fenny. (Genpi)

TNI Integrated Village Development in MTB Reached 100 Percent

BATU PUTIH, LELEMUKU.COM - Military commander in Saumlaki, West Southeast Maluku regency (MTB), Maluku province, Lieutenant Colonel Infantry Ryan Heryawan visited 3 villages where the 100th  Army's Integrated Village Development (TMMD) was built.

The three villages that are the location of TMMD are Batuputih Village, Wermatang Village and Marantutul Village in Wermaktian Subdistrict which has been held since April 4 until May 3, 2018.

According to Ryan, TMMD has already built infrastructure facilities, including the construction of rebound roads and long roads, retaining walls, 10 habitable houses and 3 housing units for health workers.

"Development progress has reached 100 percent," he said during a live monitoring in 3 villages on Wednesday (11/04).

He revealed the funding source for the TMMD work is allocated from the Regional Budget (APBD) of MTB District amounting to 1 billion rupiah by mobilizing 150 TNI and Police personnel and assisted by the local community.

"All personnel that we muster 150 personnel both TNI and Police in the three villages. During TTMD walking they live in people's homes. We also provide money to eat and money we love to the community with a record can be used with the community, so eat together with the community, "said Ryan.

He hopes that through this activity can be an example for the local government of MTB in infrastructure development in the village and can answer the needs of the villagers. (Aksamina Masela)

North Maluku Prepare 33 Tourism Event in 2018

JAKARTA, LELEMUKU.COM - North Maluku Provinces prepare 33 tourism events, three of which are included in the National Top 100 Calendar of Events (CoE) 2018 launched by Tourism Minister Arief Yahya at Gedung Sapta Pesona, Ministry of Tourism Jakarta, Tuesday (13 / 3)

All three consist of the Tidore Festival in Tidore Islands Town on March 23-April 12, 2018, Jailolo Gulf Festival in West Halmahera District on 3-5 May 2018 and Kora-Kora Festival in Ternate City on 1-3 December 2018.

North Maluku Governor Task Force H. Muhammad Natsir Thaib affirmed the progress of North Maluku tourism has been felt with the establishment of Morotai Island as one of 10 priority destinations to be made "Bali Baru" which accelerated development.

"Tourism in North Maluku is growing with the support of attractions, elements of amenitas and elements of accessibility are getting better," said Natsir Thaib.

In addition North Maluku Province wants to develop itself into a world-class marine tourism destination, considering the potential of marine tourism and geographic location is very supportive to realize the keingingan it.

"Among the islands in North Maluku is very suitable to be developed as marine tourism. Currently in Pulau Jailolo has begun to be developed marine tourism by professional entrepreneurs, "said Natsir Thaib.

Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo for a long time around the XIII century have been known to the world community as a source of spice world, and North Maluku has an advantage in historical tourism because there are many fortress relics of the Portuguese, Spayol, England, and the site of World War II relic from Japan and the United States.

The launch of CoE Maluku Province in 2018 is expected to increase the number of tourist arrivals targeted to reach 11,000 foreign tourists (tourists) and 350,000 movements of domestic tourists (wisnus), as well as supporting the national tourism target of 2018 as many as 17 million foreign tourists and 270 million domestic tourists. (Albert Batlayeri)

Launching Calendar of Event North Maluku 2018, Arief Yahya Affirm Main Criteria

JAKARTA,LELEMUKU.COM - North Maluku Province has many natural beauty, cultural diversity, strategic geographic location, supported by beautiful underwater panorama. The number of potentials will be able to make the tourism sector in North Maluku continues to grow if supported by the implementation of tourism events.

Minister of Tourism Arief Yahya officially launches Calendar of Events (CoE) North Maluku 2018 which is marked by beating of tifa music instrument accompanied by several ranks of Ministry of Tourism and North Maluku local government. 

The launch of CoE North Maluku 2018 was also attended by North Maluku Governor, M. Natsir Thaib, and the Regents of North Maluku Province, as well as the Sultan of Ternate and Sultan Tidore.

"In applying the CoE must have the main criterion that is the implementation of a professional and implemented on time. There is or no official, the event must take place because the goal is for tourists, "said Minister Arief Yahya when giving a speech in Launching Calendar of Event North Maluku event, in Sapta Pesona Building, Ministry of Tourism Jakarta, Tuesday (13/3) night.

Taking the theme "Enchantment Kie Raha Shake the World", North Maluku Province is expected to be able to promote the potential of tourism to the world. Therefore, according to Menpar, events in North Maluku CoE should have cultural values ​​and commercial values ​​that will have a positive impact in improving the economy of the community. (Albert Batlayeri)

Tanimbar Weaving Fabrics Should Be Promoted

SAUMLAKI, LELEMUKU.COM - Indonesia is known as a country that has a variety of traditions and culture. One of them is through weaving fabric that comes from the Regency of West Southeast Maluku (MTB) in Mollucas Province.

According to Chairman of the union branch of police wives in MTB or Bhayangkari, Mrs. Hery Dian Dwiharto, Tanimbar Islands has beautiful woven fabric with various motifs namely Sair, Tunis,  Matantur, Orchid Flower, Wulan Lihir, Eman Matan Lihir and Ulerati.

"The motives of woven fabric in Tanimbar are very numerous and various types, ranging from Selaru to the island of Fordata" said Mrs. Hery in Sanggar Natar Sere, Tumbur Village, Wertamrian District on Monday (20/11).

She asked the people of Tanimbar should be proud of this tradition, because the woven tanimbar fabric has been promoted overseas, one of them is the Wastra Nusantara at the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Tokyo, Japan in early April 2017.

"Wastra Indonesia through designers Wignyo Rahadi and Chossy have introduced the beauty of Tanimbar's weaving to the world," she explained.

She said the woven studio like this are hard to find. So there should be support from all parties, especially from local governments to empowering the potential of this tradition.

"Studio like this should be improved even more, because to find a studio that led by Mrs. Olifa Reresi is very difficult. Because she is the most skilled weave and hardly to get people like her, "she added.

In addition to the already rare start of weaving studios, she also considered the younger generation Tanimbar in MTB less interested in the art of weaving.

"Maybe because most people think weaving is an outdated habit. And if you can mix with the current trend, it will become a modern woven fabric. While the overseas people are a classic-classic," she said.

She hopes the local government in this case the Department of Tourism and the Creative Economy has a big responsibility to further promote this Tanimbar weaving.

"My hope this studio will be great because the government assistance that cooperates in promoting this potential, because the thing that the weavers are most concerned about is the marketing problem" she said. (Laura Sobuber)